The long-wavelength geoid from three-dimensional spherical models of thermal and thermochemical mantle convection

The Earth’s long-wavelength geoid anomalies have long been used to constrain the dynamics and viscosity structure of the mantle in an isochemical, whole mantle convection model. However, there is strong evidence that the seismically observed large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the lower mantle underneath the Pacific and Africa are chemically distinct and likely denser than the ambient mantle. In this study, we have formulated dynamically self-consistent 3-D spherical mantle convectionmodels to investigate how chemically distinct and dense piles above the core-mantle boundary may influence the geoid. Our dynamic models with realistic mantle viscosity structure produce dominantly spherical harmonic degree-2 convection, similar to that of the present-day Earth. The models produce two broad geoid and topography highs over twomajor thermochemical piles in the lower mantle, consistent with the positive geoid anomalies over the Pacific and African LLSVPs. Our geoid analysis showed that the bottom layer with dense chemical piles contributes negatively to the total geoid, while the layer immediately above the chemical piles contributes positively to the geoid, canceling out the effect of the piles. Thus, the bottom part of the mantle, as a compensation layer, has zero net contribution to the total geoid, and the thickness of the compensation layer is ~1000 km or 2 to 3 times as thick as the chemical piles. Our results help constrain and interpret the large-scale thermochemical structure of the mantle using surface observations of the geoid and topography, as well as seismic models of the mantle.